For their valuable comments, we thank seminar participants and attendees at Saint Mary’s University, St. Francis Xavier University, the 2024 Atlantic Canadian Economic Conference, and the 2023 Labor Economics Special Issue Contributors Workshop and Conference at the Ohio State University. We are grateful to Alex Hollingsworth for helpful comments. We thank Matthew McKitrick and Theresa Kim of the Atlantic Research Data Centre (ARDC) branch of the Canadian Research Data Centre Network (CRDCN) for helping us access the restricted data and reviewing numerous outputs for disclosure. The ARDC is supported and funded by the Social Sciences and Humanities Research Council, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, Canada Foundation for Innovation, Statistics Canada and Dalhousie University. We express no views of the CRDCN or its partners. Advan foot traffic data were accessed through Dewey Data. We gratefully acknowledge NIH’s financial support through R01AG071640 (PI Lillard) and R56AG081586 (PI Warman). All views and remaining errors are our own. The usual caveats apply. Sabia acknowledges research support from the Center for Health Economics & Policy Studies (CHEPS) at San Diego State University (SDSU). The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.