The authors claim that they have no conflict of interest to report. The authors would like to acknowledge financial support from NIA grants (R01AG060109, R01AG076830) as well as useful comments from participants at the Frontiers in Mortality, Risk and Insurance seminar series at the University of Wisconsin Madison and the Data-Intensive Research Conference. The views expressed herein are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Bureau of Economic Research.